Unit: 1 Freedom Movement in India
(1857 to 1947 A.D.)
The revolt of 1857 is
an important landmark in the history of India. Which was the first big
challenge to the British rule, a period of expansion of the English power in
India. Prior to 1857 a number of revolts had taken place against the English
but this revolt was a great armed revolt, against English known as National
Uprising. At the time of this revolt the Governor General of India was Lord
Canning and British Prime Minister was Lord Parlmestem.
Causes of the revolt
of 1857
I) Political Causes
i.
Growing suspicion among native rulers over Lord Dalhousie’s policies of
‘Doctrine of Lapse’ and Annexation of the Territories of Native Rulers.
ii.
Annexation of Avadh on ground of ‘misgovernance.’
iii.
Disposing of Nawab Wazid Ali Shah of Avadhi
iv.
Lord Canning’s announcement that Mughals would lose the titles of Kings
and be mere princes
II)
Administrative and Economic Causes
i.
Insufficient, corrupt administration of the company.
ii.
Racialism in civil and Military administration.
iii. Introduction of new
land revenue system.
iv. De-industrialization of the country.
III) Military Causes -
i.
Displeasure of Indian sepoys with alien rule (foreign rule).
ii. Withdrawal of free
postage facility to sepoys following the enactment of post office Act of 1854
iii. Enactment of General
Services Enlistment Act of 1856, which necessitated them to serve beyond the
seas.
iv. Debarring the foreign
service allowance or batta for sepoys serving in Sindh and Punjab.
v. Racial
discrimination.
IV) Social and Religious Causes -
i.
Social discrimination of the British against Indians.
ii. Spread of
Christianity through missionaries.
iii. Enactment of the
Religious Disabilities Art 1850, which enabled a convert to inherit his
ancestral property and
iv. Antagonism of the
traditional Indian Society due to the law prohibiting Sati (1829) Child
marriage female Infanticide (between 1795 and 1802) and Widow Remarriage (1856)
V) The Immediate Cause-
The introduction of
'Enfield Rifles’ whose cartridges were said to have a greased cover made of
beef and pork sparked off the revolt.
Spread of the Revolt
On March 29,1857, an
Indian sepoy of 34 Native infantry, Mangat Pandey killed two British
officers Hugeson and Baugh on parade at Barrackpore (near Calcutta), The
Indian Soldiers present. refused to obey orders to arrest Mangal Pandey.
However, he was later on arrested, and hunged.
The mutiny really
stalled at Merrut in 10th May 1857.
Leadership of Revolt
i.
Bahadur Shah H (Delhi) was Denorted to Rangoon where he died in 1862.
ii. Begum Hazarat Mahal and Khan Bahadur
Khan (Lucknow) escaped to Nepal.
iii. Tatya Tope (Kanpur) was captured and
executed on 15th April 1859.
iv. Rani Laxmi Bai: (Jhansi) died in the
battle field.
v. Kuer Singh (Jagdishpur) was wounded and
died on 26 April 1858.
Other Leaders
Nana Saheb (Kanpur)
Khan Bhadur Khan (Bareilly)
Maulavi Ahmadullah
(Faizabad)
Azimullah Khan
(Fathchpur)
Devi Singh (Mathura)
Kadam Singh (Merrut)
Areas of Revolt
1) Meerut 2) Delhi
3) Jhansi 4) Ayodhya
5) Kanpur 6) Nagpur
7) Ahmedabad
8) Dharwd etc
Causes of Failure
i. Disunity of Indians and poor
organization.
ii. Lack of complete nationalism, Scindias.
Holkars, Niazm and other actively helped the British
iii. Lack of coordination between sepoys,
peasants, zamindars and other classes
iv. Many had different motives for
participating in the revolt.
Consequences of the
revolt
1) In August 1858, the
British Parliament passed an act, which put an end to the role of company. The
control of the British government in India was transferred to the British
Crown.
2) The British Governor
General of India was now also given the title of viceroy.
3) Marked the end of
British imperialism and Princely States were assured against annexation.
Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.
4) After the revolt, the
British pursued the policy of ‘divide and rule.’
5) Increase of white
Soldiers in the army,
6) The revolt soon
become a symbol of challenge to the mighty British empire in India an J
remained a shining star for the rise and growth of the Indian National
Movement.
7) It was a revolt characterized by Hindu - Muslim unity.
Social Cultural
Awakening-
a) Raja Ram Mohan Roy - (1772 -1833)
Born in 1772 at
Radhanagar in Burdwan district (West Bengal) founded Atmiya Sabha. The Atmiya
Sabha was name Brahmo Sabha and finally Brahmo Samaj in 1828. The Brahmo Samaj
led a crusade against Sati, polygamy, child marriage, caste system, purdah
system, untouchability, use of intoxicants etc. The lenders of Brahmo Samaj
also worked for the welfare of peasants, liberty of press, social legislation.
Called “Lotus of Englishtenment’ (Sambod Kaumudi). He was conferred with the
title ‘Raia’ and sent to England on pension by the Mughal emperor, Akbar II, in
1831 as an ambassador from his court.
Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in Bristol in 1833. Brahmo Samaj was later
renamed as Adi Brahmo Samaj under leadership of Devendranath Tagore and
Sadhavan Bramho Samaj, under the leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen in 1836.
Some important dates in Raja Raja Ram
Mohan’s Life
1772 Birth
in Bengal
1809 Publication
of ‘Gift to Monothiests’ (Tuhfat - i- Muwahidin)
1815 Foundation
of Atmiya Sabha
1817 Establishment
of Hindu college in Calcutta.
1820 Writing of a treatise based on Bible and
rejection of the plea of Christain friend of conservation of Christianity
1821 Publication
of Sanvad Koumudi.
1825 Establishment
of Vedanta College.
1828 Establishment
of Brahmo Samaj.
1829 End
of practice of Sail
1833 Death
b) Swami Dayanand
Saraswati - (1824-1883)
He was originally
known as Mula Shankar founded the Arya Samaj at Bombay in 1875, for rejecting
western ideas and sought to revive the ancient religion of the Arvans.
Dayananda’s motto was ‘Go back to the Vedas. He disregarded the authority
of later Hindu Scriptures like the Puranas. He decried untouchability and
casteism was not sanctioned by the Vedas. He advocated widow remarriage and a
high status for women in society. His views were published in his famous work
‘Satyartha Prakash’ (in Hindi) and Veda Bhashya Bhumika (Hindi/ Sanskrit)
The Arya Samaj, based
its Social programme on ‘Ten Principles’, entirely on the authority of the
Vedas. The Dayananda Anglo- Vedic institution, spread all over the country. He
stressed on Swadeshi, Swadharma, Swabhasha and Swarajya. He was perhaps the
first messenger of Swaraj. The Arya Samaj introduced several reforms to
eradicate untouchability, child marriage and illiteracy. Lala Lajpat Raj and
Swami Sharadananda contributed to Arya Samaj towards the end.
c) Mahatma Jyotiba Phule
- (1827-1890)
The struggle for
Social equality by the So-called depressed classes in Maharashtra was led by -
Jyotirao Goviridrao Phule. While studying in the-Scottish Mission School, he
became conversant with human rights and duties. He was inspired by the lives of
Shivaji and George Washington.
All through his life.
Jyotirao tried to bring awakening among the depressed people, worked for their
self-respect and tried to set social justice for them. He also worked for the
female education. In 1851, he established a girl’s school at Poona and made
efforts for the remarriage of widow. In 1873, he founded the ‘Satya Shodhak
Samaj.’ Its main aim was to obtain Social justice for the backward and
depressed classes. He opened a number of schools and orphanages with the said
purpose.
He also published
several critical works such as Dharma Tritiya Ratha, Ishvara and Life of
Shivaji. In 1872 he wrote a book entitled ‘Gulamgiri’, in which he challenged
the superiority the Brahmins, In his testimony before the Hunter Commission,
Jyotirao also asserted that the aim of the Christian missionaries was neither
patriotic nor limited to education alone.
He was honoured with
the title of ‘Mahatma’ and became popular as ‘Jyotiba Phule’ among the masses.
He died in 1890.
d)
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891)
Vidyasagar made
important contribution towards making for modem India. He opposed Child
marriage and polygamy and laid great stress on women’s education and woman
upliftment. The success of his countrywide movement for widow remarriage was
seen in the enactment of a law in 1856, which legalised remarriage of widows.
Interestingly, the first widow remarriage under this law was celebrated under
the direct supervision of Vidyasagar.
Other than widow
remarriage he also campaigned valiantly against polygamy and child marriage. He
established Bethnue school in 1849 in Calcutta for women’s education, He worked
for the propagation and spread of Sanskrit language. He wrote a primer,
entitled Varna Parichaya. Similarly, for the development of Bengali prose
literature and spread of education he founded a college. He helped the students
in their progress in education and the women in the advancement of their
condition.
e) Swami Vivekananda
- (1863-1902)
He was the foremost
disciple of Ramkrishna Paramhansa who was a dynamic personality. In 1888, he
travelled all over India. In 1893, he attended the Parliament of Religions in
Chicago, where he explained the true meaning of Hinduism.
He established the
Ramkrishna Mission in 1896 after the name of his master. He urged the people
not to be fanatical and superstitious about religion. He believed the spirit of
Vedanta and the essential unity and equality of all religions. Sister Nivedita
was his disciple. Vivekanandas idea had a great impact on the people around the
world. In America, he became famous as the ‘Stormy Hindu’ He attended the
congress of History of religion in Paris in 1900. He died in 1902.
National
Awaking
Factors responsible
for Rise and growth of Nationalism in India
1) Political, Administrative and Economic unification of India -
The British rule in
India led to the unification of nation. This generated a feeling of oneness
among the people.
2) Socio-Religious Reforms-
The Socio-religious
movements played an important role in the emergence of a national
consciousness. These movements were progressive in the ideas of individual
equality, social equality, enlightment and liberalism. These reformers became
the first universal expression of national awakening.
3) Racialism -
The racial
discrimination practiced by the British made Indian Conscious of national
humiliation and resulted in feeling of oneness while facing Englishmen.
4) Economic
Exploitation-
The destruction of
the rural and local self - sufficient economy and introduction of modem trade
and industries on all- India level made India's economic life a single whole.
The exploitative British economic policies gave rise to economic nationalism in
India.
5) English Language and
Western Education –
English language gave
a new way of communication with educated Indians. This brought out the
Patriotic emotions among the Indian masses. The educated Indians imbibed the
ideals of nationality, Liberty and self-government through reading the liberal
and radical thoughts of Rousseau, Voltaire, Mill, Bentham. Shelly and Milton.
6) Role of press
and Vernacular literature -
The Indian Press
advocated the cause of the local people which helped in fueling social and
political reforms and seeding patriotic emotions among Indians National
literature in the form of novels, essays and Patriotic poetry aroused national
sentiments.
7) Contemporary
Nationalist Movement -
The American
Revolution of 1776, national liberation movements of Greece, Italy and Ireland
in Europe. French Revolution of 1789, independence of Spanish and Portuguese
colonics in South America considerably inspired Indians. These movements also
proved courage and determination to Indians.
8) Development of New
Means of Transport and Communication –
Development of new transport and
communication made easier the integration of the people living in different
parts of the country.
Indian National
Congress –
The foundation of the
Indian National congress, in 1885 marked a new beginning in the history of
Indian rationalism. A.O. Hume, an Englishman and retired civil servant in
association with various national leaders founded the INC in 1885.
The first session of
INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, in Bombay under the president
ship of W. C. Bannerji in December 28,1885 and attended by 72 delegates.
The delegates
included Dadabhai Naoroji, Ranade, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Dinshow Wacha and K.T.
Telang etc.
There were four main
demands put forward by the congress at its first session -
1) a simultaneous examination for the ICS to be held in England and India.
2) reforms of
legislative council and adoption of the principle of election in place of
nomination in constituting them.
3) Opposition to the
annexation of upper Burma.
4) reduction in the
military expenditure.
Aims and Objectives
of Congress
i)
promotion of friendship amongst the countrymen.
ii) Development and consolidation of
telling of national unity irrespective of race, caste, religion or provinces.
iii) Formulation of
popular demands and presentation before the government through petitions.
iv) Training and organization of the public
opinion.
v) Consolidation of sentiments of national
unity.
vi) Recording of the opinions of educated
classes on pressing problems.
vii) Laying down lines for
future course of action in public interest.
A) The Moderate Phase - (1885-1905)
The national leaders
like Dadabhai Naoroji, P.M. Mehata, M.E. Waeha, W.C. Banerjee, S.N. Banerjee,
Badruddin Tayebji, M. G. Ranade, C. Shankaran Naiyar, Madan Mohan Malviya, Tej
Bahadur Sapru, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Ras Bihari Ghosh, R.C. Dutt who dominated
the congress policies curing the period 1885-1905 were staunch believers in
liberalism and ’Moderate' politics and came to be labeled as Moderates.
Moderate's Demands-
a) Constitutional
Reforms-
1) Expansion of
Legislative Council and Legislative Assemblies both at the center and in the
provinces.
2) Indian representative
in the council.
3) Abolition of Indian
council
4) Separation of
judiciary firm the executive.
b) Socio- Economic
Reforms-
1) Introduction of modern industries
through tariff protection and bringing industries under direct government
Council.
2) Reduction of
level revenue and easy credit facilities from banks.
3) Abolition of salt tax
and duties on sugar.
4) Reduction of army
expenditure
5) Protection
of peasants from the exploitation of land lords.
c) Administrative Reforms -
1) Idealization of higher grades of
services.
2) Holding of I.C.S. examination
simultaneously in England and India.
3) Raising the eligibility for I.C.S.
examination.
4) Increase in the power of local bodies.
5) Extension of education, health and
medical facilities.
d) The Method of work
1)
Early congressmen had faith in peaceful
and constitutional agitation.
2)
Prayers and petitions were the
instruments.
3)
Congress sessions lasted only for three
days a year. It had no machinery to carry on the work in the interval.
4)
They believed in the goodness of the
British nation and believed that all would be well if the British could be
acquainted with the true state of affairs in India, Deputations of Indians were
sent to inform the British public.
5)
In 1889, a British Committee of INC was
founded.
The methods of the
moderates were criticized as weak and inadequate since then foiled to achieve
much. The Moderates did not have a wide social basis and represented a small
section of society.
Important Congress Sessions
|
Year |
Place |
Importance |
|
1885 |
Bombay |
At Gokuldus Tejpal Sanskrit College
72 delegates. |
|
1886 |
Calcutta |
436 delegates |
|
1887 |
Madras |
Tayabji became first Muslim President |
|
1888 |
Allahabad |
George Yale became first English
President |
|
1889 |
Bombay |
Congress represented all areas of
British |
|
1890 |
Calcutta |
Decision taken to organize a session
of Congress in London, |
|
1895 |
Poona |
Demand for a representative body only
for educated class. |
|
1898 |
Madras |
Social reforms was set on the main
goal |
|
1907 |
Surat |
Congress split |
|
1908 |
Madras |
Constitution for the congress |
|
1916 |
Lucknow |
Congress merger, Pact with Muslim
League, Gandhi attended. |
|
1917 |
Calcutta |
Annie Besant became 1st women
president. |
|
1920 |
Nagpur |
Gandhian programme was adopted change
in congress constitution. |
|
1921 |
Ahmedabad |
Hasrat Mohani demanded complete
independence. |
|
1922 |
Gaya |
Formation of Swaraj Party. |
|
1924 |
Belgaum |
Gandhi became president |
|
1925 |
Kanpur |
Sarojini Naidu became the first
Indian woman President. |
|
1927 |
Madras |
Nehru and S.C. Bose moved resolution
for independence and it was passed for the first time. |
|
1928 |
Calcutta |
First All India Youth Congress. |
|
1929 |
Lahore |
'Poona Swaraj' resolution and pledge
for Independence day on 24 January 1930. |
|
1931 |
Karachi |
Resolution for Fundamental Rights and
National Economic Policy, |
|
1934 |
Bombay |
Formation of Congress socialist
party. |
|
1936 |
Lucknow |
Support for Socialism through democracy. |
|
1937 |
Faizpur |
Demand for Constituent Assembly. |
|
1938 |
Haripura |
Puma Swaraj was to also cover
princely states. |
B) Extremist Phase -
(1905-1920)
The closing decade of the 19th century
and early years of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a new and
younger group within the Indian National congress called extremist.
Reasons for the Emergence of Extremists
1) Realization that the
true nature of British rule was exploitative.
2) International
influences and events which demolished the myth of white/Europeans Supremacy.
These included -Abyssinia/Ethopia's victory over Italy (1896). Boer wars
(1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. Japan Victory over Russia
(1905)
3) Dissatisfaction with
the achievements of Moderates.
4) Reactionary policies
of Curzon such as Calcutta Corporation Act (1904), Indian Universities Act
(1905) and partition of Bengal (1905)
5) Existence of a militant school of thought and emergence of a trained
leadership.
Partition of Bengal
1905
On 20 July 1905 Lord
Curzon issued an order dividing the province of Bengal into two ports. Eastern
Bengal and Assam with the population of 31 million and the test of Bengal with
a population of 54 million of whom 18 million were Bengalis and 36 million
Binaries and Oriyas.
Although the main
argument advanced by the government in favour of the partition was that the
existing province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a
single provincial government.
But, the real motive
was to curb the growth of national feeling in politically advanced Bengal by
driving a wedge between the Bengali speaking Hindus and Muslims, and destroying
lite Solidarity of 78 millions of Bengalis by dividing them into two blocks.
The Anti - Partition
Agitation
The INC and the
nationalists of Bengal firmly opposed the partition. Then realized the
principal motive behind the partition. Thus the Hindus of Bengal would be in
minority in both the provinces.
The partition led to
widespread agitation. Its most prominent leaders at the initial stage were
moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjee and Krishna Kumar Mitra, militant
and revolutionary nationalists took over in the later stages.
The Anti - Partition
agitation was initiated on 7 August, 1905 at the Town Hall, Calcutta, where a
massive demonstration against the partition was organized. 16 October 1905 was
declared the day of ‘Hartal’ in Calcutta. Rabindranath Tagore composed a
national song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ after that ‘ Bande Mataram' become a national
song of Bengal, 'lite ceremony of' Raksha Bandhan’ was observed on 16 October,
1905 as a symbol of the unbreakable unity of Hindus and Muslims.
The Swadeshi Movement
The formal
proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made on August 7, 1905 at a meeting
held at the Calcutta Town Hall, and the famous Boycott Resolution was passed.
The INC took up the Swadeshi call and its Banaras session. Presided over by
Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Supported the Swadeshi and Boycott movement for Bengal.
At this stage the militant nationalists came to the force and gave a call for
passive resistance in addition to Swadeshi and boycott in the government
school, colleges, court and offices.
Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit
Singh, Syed Haider Raza, Chidambaram Pillai, Lokmanya Tilak and Harisarvottam
Rao were the leaders of the Swadeshi Movement beyond Bengal.
Home Rule Movement (1916)
In 1916, two Home
Rule Movements were launched in the country'. One under the leadership of Tilak
and the other under Annie Besant.
Tilak’s Home Rule
League -
Tilak set up the Home
Rule League of the Bombay Provincial conference held at Belgaum in April 1916.
Objectives
i. Establishment of self - Government for
India in British Empire.
ii. Working for national education and
social and political reforms.
The Home Rule
Movement created public opinion in favour of Home Rule through public meetings,
discussion, reading rooms, propaganda, newspaper and pamphlets.
Besant’s Home Rule
League
Annie Besant established the Home Rule League at Madras in September
1916 based on Irish Home Rule League.
The Home Rule Movement declined after Besant accepted the proposed
Montague Chelmsford Reforms and Tilak went to Britain to pursue the legal case
that he had filed against Valentine Chirol, the author of Indian Unrest.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)
In protest to the
Rowlett Act, (1919), people gathered on the Baisakhi Day, on 13 April 1919 at
Jallianwala in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered the troops to fire, Officially
379 people were killed.
The Jallianwala tragedy had a lasting impact on succeeding generation
Rabindranath Tagore renounced his ’Kinghthood’ as a measure of protest.
Gandhiji returned the ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal, Gandhiji withdraw the Rowlett
movement on April 18, 1919. The Hunter committee was appointed to investigate
Punjab disturbances.
|
Revolutionary
Movements |
|||
|
Organization |
Place |
Year |
Founder |
|
1) Vyayam Mandala |
Poona |
1896-97 |
Chapekar Brothers |
|
2) Mitra Mela |
Nasik (later Poona) |
1901 |
Savarkar Brothers |
|
3) Anushilan Samiti |
Midnapur |
1902 |
Jnanendra Nath Bose |
|
4) Abhinava Bharata |
Poona |
1904 |
Vikratn Damedar (V.D.) Savarkar |
|
5)Swadcsh Bandhav Samiti |
Warisal |
1905 |
Aslnvini Kumar Dalta |
|
6)Anushilan Samiti |
Deccan |
1907 |
Varindra Kumar Ghosh |
|
7) Bharat Mata Society |
Punjab |
1907 |
Ajit Singh, Sufi Amba Prasad |
|
8) Hindustan Republican Association
/Army(H.R.A.) |
Kanpur |
1924 |
Sachindra Nath Sanyal |
|
9) Bharat Natijawan Sabha |
Lahore |
1926 |
Bhagat Sirgh |
|
10) Hindustan Socialist Republican
Association Army (11.S.R.A.) |
Delhi |
1928 |
Chandrashckhar Azad |
|
Revolutionary
Events |
|||
|
Name of Event |
Place |
Year |
Revolutionary's |
|
1) Murder of Rand and Amherst (Plague
Commissioners) |
Poona |
1897 |
Chapekar Brothers Domodar and
Balkrishna |
|
2) Attempt to murder Kingsford (a
Vindictive Judge) |
Muzaffarpur |
1908 |
Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki |
|
3) Manikatalla (Calcutta) and Alipur
Bomb Conspiracy case |
Manikatalla |
1908 |
Aurbindo Ghosh |
|
Alipur |
1908 |
Aurbindo Ghosh |
|
|
4) Murder of lackson (Distnet
Magistrate) |
Nasik |
1909 |
Anant Karkare |
|
5) Murder of Curzon Wyllie |
London |
1909 |
Madanlal Dhingra |
|
6) Attempt to murder Hardingc
(Viceroy) (Delhi Bomb Case) |
Delhi |
1912 |
Rasbihari Bose and Basant Kumar |
|
7) Kakon Train Dacoity Case (Kakori-a
station in Lucknow Sahaninpur division) |
Kakori |
1923 |
Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashafaqulla |
|
8) Murder of Saunders (A.S.P. of
Lahore) |
Lahore |
1928 |
Bhagat Singh |
|
9) Assembly Bomb case |
Delhi |
1929 |
Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta |
|
10) Chittagong Armoury Dacoity |
Chittagong |
1930 |
Surya Sen |
|
11) Murder of General Dwyer |
London |
1940 |
Udham Singh |
Towards the Independence of India
1) Act of 1935: The British
government passed the act of 1935. Accordingly India was to be a federation in
the provinces; Dyarchy was introduced. The most important feature of the act
was the establishment of autonomy in the provinces. The elections were held for
principal legislatures in Feb 1937.The congress secured a clear majority.
2)
Congress ministers resigned: On Sept. 1st, 1939 the 2nd World War
broke out, & the Viceroy Lord Linlithgous declared Indians wholehearted
support to Britain without consulting Indian leaders. Therefore Congress
ministers resigned in 1939 from the provincial govt.
3)
Faizpur session: In Dec. 1936, the session of INC was held at
Faizpur in Jalgaon district. This was the first session to be held in a rural
area.
4) Cripp’s Mission: In order to get
Indians' support for.2nd world war, On March 22nd, 1942, -Sir Strafford
Cripp’s, British war cabinet was sent to India.
The INC rejected the Cripp’s proposal
as it contained the seeds of future partition of India. Gandhiji described this
proposal as, ‘a post dated cheque on a Crumbling bank.’
5) Quit India Movement: On 14July, 1942,
INC's Congress Working Committee (CWC) passed. a resolution -complete
Independence for India-
On August 7, 1942, at the Gawalian
tankin Bombay Gandhiji urged the people to join the non- violence struggle for
independence. On 8th Aug, the Quit India resolution was passed by INC.
In many parts of the country, people
established parallel govts & broke the laws of British govt. e.g. 'prati
sarkar' in Maharashtra, with Nana Patil's assistance.
6) Netaji Subhash
Chandra Bose & Indian National Army: Netaji had been elected as the
President of the INC in 1938 in Haripura & in 1939 in Tniptira. He founded
the forward block' in May, 1939. He went Germany in 1941 &founded 'Free
India centre’.
In 1924, Ras Bihari Bose had founded an
organisation called 'Independence League' in Japan. Netaji established the
'Azad Hind Government' on 21 st Oct. 1943 in Singapore with Indian Independent
League of Ras Bihari Bose.
The Indian National Army of Azad Hind
govt, had a separate unit of women called ‘Zhansi Regiment' was proposed by
Dr.Laxmi Swaminathan. On Nev. 19 Japan handed over the Indian islands of
Andaman and Nicobar to Azad Hind govt. Netaji changed the names as Shahid and
swaraj respectively.
In May 1944, INA
stepped on Indian soil after capturing an area in east Assam .On 18th Aug.
1945, Netaji died in an aeroplane accident.
7) The Naval Mutiny and
the Royal Air force Mutiny:
On 18th Feb. 1946 the
naval soldiers on the ‘Talwar’ in Mumbai announced a revolt against British
government. This revolt spread among the soldiers of the Naval parts like
Karachi & airports like Delhi, Ambala, Karachi etc.
8) The Wawel Plan: After the opposite
of Barister Jinnph, the Simla Conference failed & the Wawel Plan was
abondoned.
9) After the 2nd world
war, the British P.M. Attley sent a commission of three ministers like Lord
Pethic Lawrence, Lord Stafford Cripp's & A.V. Alexander.
Accordingly to this
plan, the central govt. deprived a power; moreover divisions of province were
factual. The plan did not mention Independence clearly.
10)
Direct Action Day of
Muslim League:
The cabinet mission
plan didn't accept Muslim League's demand for Independent Pakistan. Accordingly
Barister Jannah gave a directive to these followers to observe 16 August 1946,
as direct action day.
11)
Provisional Govt.: Lord Wawel announced
the appointment of provisional govt, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, on 2nd Sept.
1946, Nehru invited Sardar Patel, Sr. Rajendra Prasad, Raj Gopala Chari Maulana
Azad, Johan Mathi.
The British govt.
changed its leadership in India from Lord Wawel to Lord Mount Batten in March
1947.
12)
The Mount Batten Plan: Lord Mount Batten announced his plan
on 3rd June 1947. The proposal was as :
No Inanimality.
The constitution, partition of India has become imperative. India would be
divided into two states - India and Pakistan.
13)
The Indian Independence Act: The British
parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on 18th July 1947, based on
Viceroy Lord Mount Batten's proposal -
"On the 15th
August 1947, two sovereign states India & Pakistan will come into existence
& the King of England will no more be the emperor of India."
