Freedom Movement in India

Unit: 1        Freedom Movement in India

(1857 to 1947 A.D.)

The revolt of 1857 is an important landmark in the history of India. Which was the first big challenge to the British rule, a period of expansion of the English power in India. Prior to 1857 a number of revolts had taken place against the English but this revolt was a great armed revolt, against English known as National Uprising. At the time of this revolt the Governor General of India was Lord Canning and British Prime Minister was Lord Parlmestem.

Causes of the revolt of 1857

I)     Political Causes

                    i.            Growing suspicion among native rulers over Lord Dalhousie’s policies of ‘Doctrine of Lapse’ and Annexation of the Territories of Native Rulers.

                 ii.            Annexation of Avadh on ground of ‘misgovernance.’

               iii.            Disposing of Nawab Wazid Ali Shah of Avadhi

               iv.            Lord Canning’s announcement that Mughals would lose the titles of Kings and be mere princes

II)              Administrative and Economic Causes

i.          Insufficient, corrupt administration of the company.

ii.       Racialism in civil and Military administration.

iii.     Introduction of new land revenue system.

iv.    De-industrialization of the country.

III)          Military Causes -

 

i.       Displeasure of Indian sepoys with alien rule (foreign rule).

ii.    Withdrawal of free postage facility to sepoys following the enactment of post office Act of 1854

iii.  Enactment of General Services Enlistment Act of 1856, which necessitated them to serve beyond the seas.

iv.  Debarring the foreign service allowance or batta for sepoys serving in Sindh and Punjab.

v.     Racial discrimination.

IV)           Social and Religious Causes -

i.       Social discrimination of the British against Indians.

ii.    Spread of Christianity through missionaries.

iii.  Enactment of the Religious Disabilities Art 1850, which enabled a convert to inherit his ancestral property and

iv.  Antagonism of the traditional Indian Society due to the law prohibiting Sati (1829) Child marriage female Infanticide (between 1795 and 1802) and Widow Remarriage (1856)

V)              The Immediate Cause-

The introduction of 'Enfield Rifles’ whose cartridges were said to have a greased cover made of beef and pork sparked off the revolt.

 

Spread of the Revolt

On March 29,1857, an Indian sepoy of 34 Native infantry, Mangat Pandey killed two British officers  Hugeson and Baugh on parade at Barrackpore (near Calcutta), The Indian Soldiers present. refused to obey orders to arrest Mangal Pandey. However, he was later on arrested, and hunged.

The mutiny really stalled at Merrut in 10^th May 1857.

Leadership of Revolt

i.         Bahadur Shah H (Delhi) was Denorted to Rangoon where he died in 1862.

ii.      Begum Hazarat Mahal and Khan Bahadur Khan (Lucknow) escaped to Nepal.

iii.    Tatya Tope (Kanpur) was captured and executed on 15th April 1859.

iv.    Rani Laxmi Bai: (Jhansi) died in the battle field.

v.       Kuer Singh (Jagdishpur) was wounded and died on 26 April 1858.

 Other Leaders

  

Nana Saheb (Kanpur) Khan Bhadur Khan (Bareilly)

Maulavi Ahmadullah (Faizabad)

Azimullah Khan (Fathchpur)

Devi Singh (Mathura)

Kadam Singh (Merrut)

Areas of Revolt

1) Meerut                  2) Delhi

3) Jhansi                    4) Ayodhya

5) Kanpur                  6) Nagpur

7) Ahmedabad          8) Dharwd etc

Causes of Failure

              i.  Disunity of Indians and poor organization.

            ii.  Lack of complete nationalism, Scindias. Holkars, Niazm and other actively helped the British

         iii.   Lack of coordination between sepoys, peasants, zamindars and other classes

          iv.  Many had different motives for participating in the revolt.

Consequences of the revolt

1) In August 1858, the British Parliament passed an act, which put an end to the role of company. The control of the British government in India was transferred to the British Crown.

2) The British Governor General of India was now also given the title of viceroy.

3) Marked the end of British imperialism and Princely States were assured against annexation. Doctrine of Lapse was withdrawn.

4) After the revolt, the British pursued the policy of ‘divide and rule.’

5) Increase of white Soldiers in the army,

6) The revolt soon become a symbol of challenge to the mighty British empire in India an J remained a shining star for the rise and growth of the Indian National Movement.

7)  It was a revolt characterized by Hindu - Muslim unity.

Social Cultural Awakening-

a)    Raja Ram Mohan Roy - (1772 -1833)

Born in 1772 at Radhanagar in Burdwan district (West Bengal) founded Atmiya Sabha. The Atmiya Sabha was name Brahmo Sabha and finally Brahmo Samaj in 1828. The Brahmo Samaj led a crusade against Sati, polygamy, child marriage, caste system, purdah system, untouchability, use of intoxicants etc. The lenders of Brahmo Samaj also worked for the welfare of peasants, liberty of press, social legislation. Called “Lotus of Englishtenment’ (Sambod Kaumudi). He was conferred with the title ‘Raia’ and sent to England on pension by the Mughal emperor, Akbar II, in 1831 as an ambassador from his court.

Raja Ram Mohan Roy died in Bristol in 1833. Brahmo Samaj was later renamed as Adi Brahmo Samaj under leadership of Devendranath Tagore and Sadhavan Bramho Samaj, under the leadership of Keshab Chandra Sen in 1836.

Some important dates in Raja Raja Ram Mohan’s Life

1772      Birth in Bengal

1809      Publication of ‘Gift to Monothiests’ (Tuhfat - i- Muwahidin)

1815      Foundation of Atmiya Sabha

1817      Establishment of Hindu college in Calcutta.

1820      Writing of a treatise based on Bible and rejection of the plea of Christain friend of conservation of Christianity

1821      Publication of Sanvad Koumudi.

1825      Establishment of Vedanta College.

1828      Establishment of Brahmo Samaj.

1829      End of practice of Sail

1833      Death

 

b) Swami Dayanand Saraswati - (1824-1883)

He was originally known as Mula Shankar founded the Arya Samaj at Bombay in 1875, for rejecting western ideas and sought to revive the ancient religion of the Arvans. Dayananda’s motto was ‘Go back to the Vedas.  He disregarded the authority of later Hindu Scriptures like the Puranas. He decried untouchability and casteism was not sanctioned by the Vedas. He advocated widow remarriage and a high status for women in society. His views were published in his famous work ‘Satyartha Prakash’ (in Hindi) and Veda Bhashya Bhumika (Hindi/ Sanskrit)

The Arya Samaj, based its Social programme on ‘Ten Principles’, entirely on the authority of the Vedas. The Dayananda Anglo- Vedic institution, spread all over the country. He stressed on Swadeshi, Swadharma, Swabhasha and Swarajya. He was perhaps the first messenger of Swaraj. The Arya Samaj introduced several reforms to eradicate untouchability, child marriage and illiteracy. Lala Lajpat Raj and Swami Sharadananda contributed to Arya Samaj towards the end.

c)  Mahatma Jyotiba Phule - (1827-1890)

The struggle for Social equality by the So-called depressed classes in Maharashtra was led by - Jyotirao Goviridrao Phule. While studying in the-Scottish Mission School, he became conversant with human rights and duties. He was inspired by the lives of Shivaji and George Washington.

All through his life. Jyotirao tried to bring awakening among the depressed people, worked for their self-respect and tried to set social justice for them. He also worked for the female education. In 1851, he established a girl’s school at Poona and made efforts for the remarriage of widow. In 1873, he founded the ‘Satya Shodhak Samaj.’ Its main aim was to obtain Social justice for the backward and depressed classes. He opened a number of schools and orphanages with the said purpose.

He also published several critical works such as Dharma Tritiya Ratha, Ishvara and Life of Shivaji. In 1872 he wrote a book entitled ‘Gulamgiri’, in which he challenged the superiority the Brahmins, In his testimony before the Hunter Commission, Jyotirao also asserted that the aim of the Christian missionaries was neither patriotic nor limited to education alone.

He was honoured with the title of ‘Mahatma’ and became popular as ‘Jyotiba Phule’ among the masses. He died in 1890.

d)                Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar (1820-1891)

Vidyasagar made important contribution towards making for modem India. He opposed Child marriage and polygamy and laid great stress on women’s education and woman upliftment. The success of his countrywide movement for widow remarriage was seen in the enactment of a law in 1856, which legalised remarriage of widows. Interestingly, the first widow remarriage under this law was celebrated under the direct supervision of Vidyasagar.

Other than widow remarriage he also campaigned valiantly against polygamy and child marriage. He established Bethnue school in 1849 in Calcutta for women’s education, He worked for the propagation and spread of Sanskrit language. He wrote a primer, entitled Varna Parichaya. Similarly, for the development of Bengali prose literature and spread of education he founded a college. He helped the students in their progress in education and the women in the advancement of their condition.

 

e) Swami Vivekananda - (1863-1902)

He was the foremost disciple of Ramkrishna Paramhansa who was a dynamic personality. In 1888, he travelled all over India. In 1893, he attended the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, where he explained the true meaning of Hinduism.

He established the Ramkrishna Mission in 1896 after the name of his master. He urged the people not to be fanatical and superstitious about religion. He believed the spirit of Vedanta and the essential unity and equality of all religions. Sister Nivedita was his disciple. Vivekanandas idea had a great impact on the people around the world. In America, he became famous as the ‘Stormy Hindu’ He attended the congress of History of religion in Paris in 1900. He died in 1902.

  National Awaking

Factors responsible for Rise and growth of Nationalism in India

1) Political, Administrative and Economic unification of India -

The British rule in India led to the unification of nation. This generated a feeling of oneness among the people.

2) Socio-Religious Reforms-

The Socio-religious movements played an important role in the emergence of a national consciousness. These movements were progressive in the ideas of individual equality, social equality, enlightment and liberalism. These reformers became the first universal expression of national awakening.

3)  Racialism -

The racial discrimination practiced by the British made Indian Conscious of national humiliation and resulted in feeling of oneness while facing Englishmen.

4)   Economic Exploitation-

The destruction of the rural and local self - sufficient economy and introduction of modem trade and industries on all- India level made India's economic life a single whole. The exploitative British economic policies gave rise to economic nationalism in India.

5)                English Language and Western Education –

English language gave a new way of communication with educated Indians. This brought out the Patriotic emotions among the Indian masses. The educated Indians imbibed the ideals of nationality, Liberty and self-government through reading the liberal and radical thoughts of Rousseau, Voltaire, Mill, Bentham. Shelly and Milton.

6)                 Role of press and Vernacular literature -

The Indian Press advocated the cause of the local people which helped in fueling social and political reforms and seeding patriotic emotions among Indians National literature in the form of novels, essays and Patriotic poetry aroused national sentiments.

7)                Contemporary Nationalist Movement -

The American Revolution of 1776, national liberation movements of Greece, Italy and Ireland in Europe. French Revolution of 1789, independence of Spanish and Portuguese colonics in South America considerably inspired Indians. These movements also proved courage and determination to Indians.

8)                Development of New Means of Transport and Communication –

          Development of new transport and communication made easier the integration of the people living in different parts of the country.

Indian National Congress –

 

The foundation of the Indian National congress, in 1885 marked a new beginning in the history of Indian rationalism. A.O. Hume, an Englishman and retired civil servant in association with various national leaders founded the INC in 1885.

The first session of INC was held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit College, in Bombay under the president ship of W. C. Bannerji in December 28,1885 and attended by 72 delegates.

The delegates included Dadabhai Naoroji, Ranade, Pheroze Shah Mehta, Dinshow Wacha and K.T. Telang etc.

There were four main demands put forward by the congress at its first session -

1)   a simultaneous examination for the ICS to be held in England and India.

2)   reforms of legislative council and adoption of the principle of election in place of nomination in constituting them.

3)   Opposition to the annexation of upper Burma.

4)   reduction in the military expenditure.

Aims and Objectives of Congress

i)             promotion of friendship amongst the countrymen.

ii)           Development and consolidation of telling of national unity irrespective of race, caste, religion or provinces.

iii)        Formulation of popular demands and presentation before the government through petitions.

iv)        Training and organization of the public opinion.

v)          Consolidation of sentiments of national unity.

vi)        Recording of the opinions of educated classes on pressing problems.

vii)      Laying down lines for future course of action in public interest.

 A) The Moderate Phase - (1885-1905)

The national leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji, P.M. Mehata, M.E. Waeha, W.C. Banerjee, S.N. Banerjee, Badruddin Tayebji, M. G. Ranade, C. Shankaran Naiyar, Madan Mohan Malviya, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Ras Bihari Ghosh, R.C. Dutt who dominated the congress policies curing the period 1885-1905 were staunch believers in liberalism and ’Moderate' politics and came to be labeled as Moderates.

Moderate's Demands-

a)  Constitutional Reforms-

1)  Expansion of Legislative Council and Legislative Assemblies both at the center and in the provinces.

2)    Indian representative in the council.

3)    Abolition of Indian council

4)    Separation of judiciary firm the executive.

b) Socio- Economic Reforms-

1)    Introduction of modern industries through tariff protection and bringing industries under direct government Council.

2)     Reduction of level revenue and easy credit facilities from banks.

3)    Abolition of salt tax and duties on sugar.

4)    Reduction of army expenditure

5)    Protection of peasants from the exploitation of land lords.

 

c)     Administrative Reforms -

1)    Idealization of higher grades of services.

2)    Holding of I.C.S. examination simultaneously in England and India.

3)    Raising the eligibility for I.C.S. examination.

4)    Increase in the power of local bodies.

5)    Extension of education, health and medical facilities.

d)    The Method of work

1)                Early congressmen had faith in peaceful and constitutional agitation.

2)                Prayers and petitions were the instruments.

3)                Congress sessions lasted only for three days a year. It had no machinery to carry on the work in the interval.

4)                They believed in the goodness of the British nation and believed that all would be well if the British could be acquainted with the true state of affairs in India, Deputations of Indians were sent to inform the British public.

5)                In 1889, a British Committee of INC was founded.

The methods of the moderates were criticized as weak and inadequate since then foiled to achieve much. The Moderates did not have a wide social basis and represented a small section of society.

 

Important Congress Sessions

Year	Place	Importance
1885	Bombay	At Gokuldus Tejpal Sanskrit College 72 delegates.
1886	Calcutta	436 delegates
1887	Madras	Tayabji became first Muslim President
1888	Allahabad	George Yale became first English President
1889	Bombay	Congress represented all areas of British
1890	Calcutta	Decision taken to organize a session of Congress in London,
1895	Poona	Demand for a representative body only for educated class.
1898	Madras	Social reforms was set on the main goal
1907	Surat	Congress split
1908	Madras	Constitution for the congress
1916	Lucknow	Congress merger, Pact with Muslim League, Gandhi attended.
1917	Calcutta	Annie Besant became 1st women president.
1920	Nagpur	Gandhian programme was adopted change in congress constitution.
1921	Ahmedabad	Hasrat Mohani demanded complete independence.
1922	Gaya	Formation of Swaraj Party.
1924	Belgaum	Gandhi became president
1925	Kanpur	Sarojini Naidu became the first Indian woman President.
1927	Madras	Nehru and S.C. Bose moved resolution for independence and it was passed for the first time.
1928	Calcutta	First All India Youth Congress.
1929	Lahore	'Poona Swaraj' resolution and pledge for Independence day on 24 January 1930.
1931	Karachi	Resolution for Fundamental Rights and National Economic Policy,
1934	Bombay	Formation of Congress socialist party.
1936	Lucknow	Support for Socialism through democracy.
1937	Faizpur	Demand for Constituent Assembly.
1938	Haripura	Puma Swaraj was to also cover princely states.

 

 B) Extremist Phase - (1905-1920)

The closing decade of the 19th century and early years of the 20th century witnessed the emergence of a new and younger group within the Indian National congress called extremist.

Reasons for the Emergence of Extremists

1)   Realization that the true nature of British rule was exploitative.

2)  International influences and events which demolished the myth of white/Europeans Supremacy. These included -Abyssinia/Ethopia's victory over Italy (1896). Boer wars (1899-1902) in which the British faced reverses. Japan Victory over Russia (1905)

3)   Dissatisfaction with the achievements of Moderates.

4)  Reactionary policies of Curzon such as Calcutta Corporation Act (1904), Indian Universities Act (1905) and partition of Bengal (1905)

5)   Existence of a militant school of thought and emergence of a trained leadership.

Partition of Bengal 1905

On 20 July 1905 Lord Curzon issued an order dividing the province of Bengal into two ports. Eastern Bengal and Assam with the population of 31 million and the test of Bengal with a population of 54 million of whom 18 million were Bengalis and 36 million Binaries and Oriyas.

Although the main argument advanced by the government in favour of the partition was that the existing province of Bengal was too big to be efficiently administered by a single provincial government.

But, the real motive was to curb the growth of national feeling in politically advanced Bengal by driving a wedge between the Bengali speaking Hindus and Muslims, and destroying lite Solidarity of 78 millions of Bengalis by dividing them into two blocks.

The Anti - Partition Agitation

The INC and the nationalists of Bengal firmly opposed the partition. Then realized the principal motive behind the partition. Thus the Hindus of Bengal would be in minority in both the provinces.

The partition led to widespread agitation. Its most prominent leaders at the initial stage were moderate leaders like Surendranath Banerjee and Krishna Kumar Mitra, militant and revolutionary nationalists took over in the later stages.

The Anti - Partition agitation was initiated on 7 August, 1905 at the Town Hall, Calcutta, where a massive demonstration against the partition was organized. 16 October 1905 was declared the day of ‘Hartal’ in Calcutta. Rabindranath Tagore composed a national song ‘Amar Sonar Bangla’ after that ‘ Bande Mataram' become a national song of Bengal, 'lite ceremony of' Raksha Bandhan’ was observed on 16 October, 1905 as a symbol of the unbreakable unity of Hindus and Muslims.

The Swadeshi Movement

The formal proclamation of the Swadeshi Movement was made on August 7, 1905 at a meeting held at the Calcutta Town Hall, and the famous Boycott Resolution was passed. The INC took up the Swadeshi call and its Banaras session. Presided over by Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Supported the Swadeshi and Boycott movement for Bengal. At this stage the militant nationalists came to the force and gave a call for passive resistance in addition to Swadeshi and boycott in the government school, colleges, court and offices.

Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh, Syed Haider Raza, Chidambaram Pillai, Lokmanya Tilak and Harisarvottam Rao were the leaders of the Swadeshi Movement beyond Bengal.

Home Rule Movement (1916)

In 1916, two Home Rule Movements were launched in the country'. One under the leadership of Tilak and the other under Annie Besant.

Tilak’s Home Rule League -

Tilak set up the Home Rule League of the Bombay Provincial conference held at Belgaum in April 1916.

Objectives

                        i.         Establishment of self - Government for India in British Empire.

                     ii.          Working for national education and social and political reforms.

The Home Rule Movement created public opinion in favour of Home Rule through public meetings, discussion, reading rooms, propaganda, newspaper and pamphlets.

Besant’s Home Rule League

Annie Besant established the Home Rule League at Madras in September 1916 based on Irish Home Rule League.

The Home Rule Movement declined after Besant accepted the proposed Montague Chelmsford Reforms and Tilak went to Britain to pursue the legal case that he had filed against Valentine Chirol, the author of Indian Unrest.

Jallianwala Bagh Massacre (1919)

In protest to the Rowlett Act, (1919), people gathered on the Baisakhi Day, on 13 April 1919 at Jallianwala in Amritsar. General Dyer ordered the troops to fire, Officially 379 people were killed.

The Jallianwala tragedy had a lasting impact on succeeding generation Rabindranath Tagore renounced his ’Kinghthood’ as a measure of protest. Gandhiji returned the ‘Kaiser-i-Hind’ medal, Gandhiji withdraw the Rowlett movement on April 18, 1919. The Hunter committee was appointed to investigate Punjab disturbances.

Revolutionary Movements
Organization	Place	Year	Founder
1) Vyayam Mandala	Poona	1896-97	Chapekar Brothers
2) Mitra Mela	Nasik (later Poona)	1901	Savarkar Brothers
3) Anushilan Samiti	Midnapur	1902	Jnanendra Nath Bose
4) Abhinava Bharata	Poona	1904	Vikratn Damedar (V.D.) Savarkar
5)Swadcsh Bandhav Samiti	Warisal	1905	Aslnvini Kumar Dalta
6)Anushilan Samiti	Deccan	1907	Varindra Kumar Ghosh
7) Bharat Mata Society	Punjab	1907	Ajit Singh, Sufi Amba Prasad
8) Hindustan Republican Association /Army(H.R.A.)	Kanpur	1924	Sachindra Nath Sanyal
9) Bharat Natijawan Sabha	Lahore	1926	Bhagat Sirgh
10) Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Army (11.S.R.A.)	Delhi	1928	Chandrashckhar Azad

 

 

Revolutionary Events
Name of Event	Place	Year	Revolutionary's
1) Murder of Rand and Amherst (Plague Commissioners)	Poona	1897	Chapekar Brothers  Domodar and Balkrishna
2) Attempt to murder Kingsford (a Vindictive Judge)	Muzaffarpur	1908	Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki
3) Manikatalla (Calcutta) and Alipur Bomb Conspiracy case	Manikatalla	1908	Aurbindo Ghosh
	Alipur	1908	Aurbindo Ghosh
4) Murder of lackson (Distnet Magistrate)	Nasik	1909	Anant Karkare
5) Murder of Curzon Wyllie	London	1909	Madanlal Dhingra
6) Attempt to murder Hardingc (Viceroy) (Delhi Bomb Case)	Delhi	1912	Rasbihari Bose and Basant Kumar
7) Kakon Train Dacoity Case (Kakori-a station in Lucknow Sahaninpur division)	Kakori	1923	Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashafaqulla
8) Murder of Saunders (A.S.P. of Lahore)	Lahore	1928	Bhagat Singh
9) Assembly Bomb case	Delhi	1929	Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutta
10) Chittagong Armoury Dacoity	Chittagong	1930	Surya Sen
11) Murder of General Dwyer	London	1940	Udham Singh

 

  

Towards the Independence of India

1)    Act of 1935: The British government passed the act of 1935. Accordingly India was to be a federation in the provinces; Dyarchy was introduced. The most important feature of the act was the establishment of autonomy in the provinces. The elections were held for principal legislatures in Feb 1937.The congress secured a clear majority.

2)        Congress ministers resigned: On Sept. 1st, 1939 the 2nd World War broke out, & the Viceroy Lord Linlithgous declared Indians wholehearted support to Britain without consulting Indian leaders. Therefore Congress ministers resigned in 1939 from the provincial govt.

3)        Faizpur session: In Dec. 1936, the session of INC was held at Faizpur in Jalgaon district. This was the first session to be held in a rural area.

4)  Cripp’s Mission: In order to get Indians' support for.2nd world war, On March 22nd, 1942, -Sir Strafford Cripp’s, British war cabinet was sent to India.

The INC rejected the Cripp’s proposal as it contained the seeds of future partition of India. Gandhiji described this proposal as, ‘a post dated cheque on a Crumbling bank.’

5)  Quit India Movement: On 14July, 1942, INC's Congress Working Committee (CWC) passed. a resolution -complete Independence for India-

On August 7, 1942, at the Gawalian tankin Bombay Gandhiji urged the people to join the non- violence struggle for independence. On 8th Aug, the Quit India resolution was passed by INC.

In many parts of the country, people established parallel govts & broke the laws of British govt. e.g. 'prati sarkar' in Maharashtra, with Nana Patil's assistance.

6)  Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose & Indian National Army: Netaji had been elected as the President of the INC in 1938 in Haripura & in 1939 in Tniptira. He founded the forward block' in May, 1939. He went Germany in 1941 &founded 'Free India centre’.

In 1924, Ras Bihari Bose had founded an organisation called 'Independence League' in Japan. Netaji established the 'Azad Hind Government' on 21 st Oct. 1943 in Singapore with Indian Independent League of Ras Bihari Bose.

The Indian National Army of Azad Hind govt, had a separate unit of women called ‘Zhansi Regiment' was proposed by Dr.Laxmi Swaminathan. On Nev. 19 Japan handed over the Indian islands of Andaman and Nicobar to Azad Hind govt. Netaji changed the names as Shahid and swaraj respectively.

In May 1944, INA stepped on Indian soil after capturing an area in east Assam .On 18th Aug. 1945, Netaji died in an aeroplane accident.

7) The Naval Mutiny and the Royal Air force Mutiny:

On 18th Feb. 1946 the naval soldiers on the ‘Talwar’ in Mumbai announced a revolt against British government. This revolt spread among the soldiers of the Naval parts like Karachi & airports like Delhi, Ambala, Karachi etc.

8)    The Wawel Plan: After the opposite of Barister Jinnph, the Simla Conference failed & the Wawel Plan was abondoned.

9)    After the 2nd world war, the British P.M. Attley sent a commission of three ministers like Lord Pethic Lawrence, Lord Stafford Cripp's & A.V. Alexander.

Accordingly to this plan, the central govt. deprived a power; moreover divisions of province were factual. The plan did not mention Independence clearly.

10)                      Direct Action Day of Muslim League:

The cabinet mission plan didn't accept Muslim League's demand for Independent Pakistan. Accordingly Barister Jannah gave a directive to these followers to observe 16 August 1946, as direct action day.

11)                    Provisional Govt.: Lord Wawel announced the appointment of provisional govt, headed by Jawaharlal Nehru, on 2nd Sept. 1946, Nehru invited Sardar Patel, Sr. Rajendra Prasad, Raj Gopala Chari Maulana Azad, Johan Mathi.

The British govt. changed its leadership in India from Lord Wawel to Lord Mount Batten in March 1947.

12)          The Mount Batten Plan: Lord Mount Batten announced his plan on 3rd June 1947. The proposal was as :

 No Inanimality. The constitution, partition of India has become imperative. India would be divided into two states - India and Pakistan.

13)                   The Indian Independence Act: The British parliament passed the Indian Independence Act on 18th July 1947, based on Viceroy Lord Mount Batten's proposal -

"On the 15th August 1947, two sovereign states India & Pakistan will come into existence & the King of England will no more be the emperor of India."